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gem-hunterLanguage: JavaScript
This project was bootstrapped with Create React App.
Below you will find some information on how to perform common tasks.
You can find the most recent version of this guide here.
<title>public Folder
<meta> Tags on the ServerCreate React App is divided into two packages:
create-react-app is a global command-line utility that you use to create new projects.react-scripts is a development dependency in the generated projects (including this one).You almost never need to update create-react-app itself: it delegates all the setup to react-scripts.
When you run create-react-app, it always creates the project with the latest version of react-scripts so you’ll get all the new features and improvements in newly created apps automatically.
To update an existing project to a new version of react-scripts, open the changelog, find the version you’re currently on (check package.json in this folder if you’re not sure), and apply the migration instructions for the newer versions.
In most cases bumping the react-scripts version in package.json and running npm install in this folder should be enough, but it’s good to consult the changelog for potential breaking changes.
We commit to keeping the breaking changes minimal so you can upgrade react-scripts painlessly.
We are always open to your feedback.
After creation, your project should look like this:
my-app/
README.md
node_modules/
package.json
public/
index.html
favicon.ico
src/
App.css
App.js
App.test.js
index.css
index.js
logo.svg
For the project to build, these files must exist with exact filenames:
public/index.html is the page template;src/index.js is the JavaScript entry point.You can delete or rename the other files.
You may create subdirectories inside src. For faster rebuilds, only files inside src are processed by Webpack.
You need to put any JS and CSS files inside src, otherwise Webpack won’t see them.
Only files inside public can be used from public/index.html.
Read instructions below for using assets from JavaScript and HTML.
You can, however, create more top-level directories.
They will not be included in the production build so you can use them for things like documentation.
In the project directory, you can run:
Runs the app in the development mode.
Open http://localhost:3000 to view it in the browser.
The page will reload if you make edits.
You will also see any lint errors in the console.
Launches the test runner in the interactive watch mode.
See the section about running tests for more information.
Builds the app for production to the build folder.
It correctly bundles React in production mode and optimizes the build for the best performance.
The build is minified and the filenames include the hashes.
Your app is ready to be deployed!
See the section about deployment for more information.
Note: this is a one-way operation. Once you eject, you can’t go back!
If you aren’t satisfied with the build tool and configuration choices, you can eject at any time. This command will remove the single build dependency from your project.
Instead, it will copy all the configuration files and the transitive dependencies (Webpack, Babel, ESLint, etc) right into your project so you have full control over them. All of the commands except eject will still work, but they will point to the copied scripts so you can tweak them. At this point you’re on your own.
You don’t have to ever use eject. The curated feature set is suitable for small and middle deployments, and you shouldn’t feel obligated to use this feature. However we understand that this tool wouldn’t be useful if you couldn’t customize it when you are ready for it.
By default, the generated project uses the latest version of React.
You can refer to the React documentation for more information about supported browsers.
This project supports a superset of the latest JavaScript standard.
In addition to ES6 syntax features, it also supports:
Learn more about different proposal stages.
While we recommend using experimental proposals with some caution, Facebook heavily uses these features in the product code, so we intend to provide codemods if any of these proposals change in the future.
Note that the project only includes a few ES6 polyfills:
Object.assign() via object-assign.Promise via promise.fetch() via whatwg-fetch.If you use any other ES6+ features that need runtime support (such as Array.from() or Symbol), make sure you are including the appropriate polyfills manually, or that the browsers you are targeting already support them.
Also note that using some newer syntax features like for...of or [...nonArrayValue] causes Babel to emit code that depends on ES6 runtime features and might not work without a polyfill. When in doubt, use Babel REPL to see what any specific syntax compiles down to.
To configure the syntax highlighting in your favorite text editor, head to the relevant Babel documentation page and follow the instructions. Some of the most popular editors are covered.
Note: this feature is available with
react-scripts@0.2.0and higher.
It also only works with npm 3 or higher.
Some editors, including Sublime Text, Atom, and Visual Studio Code, provide plugins for ESLint.
They are not required for linting. You should see the linter output right in your terminal as well as the browser console. However, if you prefer the lint results to appear right in your editor, there are some extra steps you can do.
You would need to install an ESLint plugin for your editor first. Then, add a file called .eslintrc to the project root:
{ "extends": "react-app" }
Now your editor should report the linting warnings.
Note that even if you edit your .eslintrc file further, these changes will only affect the editor integration. They won’t affect the terminal and in-browser lint output. This is because Create React App intentionally provides a minimal set of rules that find common mistakes.
If you want to enforce a coding style for your project, consider using Prettier instead of ESLint style rules.
This feature is currently only supported by Visual Studio Code and WebStorm.
Visual Studio Code and WebStorm support debugging out of the box with Create React App. This enables you as a developer to write and debug your React code without leaving the editor, and most importantly it enables you to have a continuous development workflow, where context switching is minimal, as you don’t have to switch between tools.
You would need to have the latest version of VS Code and VS Code Chrome Debugger Extension installed.
Then add the block below to your launch.json file and put it inside the .vscode folder in your app’s root directory.
{
"version": "0.2.0",
"configurations": [{
"name": "Chrome",
"type": "chrome",
"request": "launch",
"url": "http://localhost:3000",
"webRoot": "${workspaceRoot}/src",
"sourceMapPathOverrides": {
"webpack:///src/*": "${webRoot}/*"
}
}]
}Note: the URL may be different if you've made adjustments via the HOST or PORT environment variables.
Start your app by running npm start, and start debugging in VS Code by pressing F5 or by clicking the green debug icon. You can now write code, set breakpoints, make changes to the code, and debug your newly modified code—all from your editor.
Having problems with VS Code Debugging? Please see their troubleshooting guide.
You would need to have WebStorm and JetBrains IDE Support Chrome extension installed.
In the WebStorm menu Run select Edit Configurations.... Then click + and select JavaScript Debug. Paste http://localhost:3000 into the URL field and save the configuration.
Note: the URL may be different if you've made adjustments via the HOST or PORT environment variables.
Start your app by running npm start, then press ^D on macOS or F9 on Windows and Linux or click the green debug icon to start debugging in WebStorm.
The same way you can debug your application in IntelliJ IDEA Ultimate, PhpStorm, PyCharm Pro, and RubyMine.
Prettier is an opinionated code formatter with support for JavaScript, CSS and JSON. With Prettier you can format the code you write automatically to ensure a code style within your project. See the Prettier's GitHub page for more information, and look at this page to see it in action.
To format our code whenever we make a commit in git, we need to install the following dependencies:
npm install --save husky lint-staged prettier
Alternatively you may use yarn:
yarn add husky lint-staged prettier
husky makes it easy to use githooks as if they are npm scripts.lint-staged allows us to run scripts on staged files in git. See this blog post about lint-staged to learn more about it.prettier is the JavaScript formatter we will run before commits.Now we can make sure every file is formatted correctly by adding a few lines to the package.json in the project root.
Add the following line to scripts section:
"scripts": {
+ "precommit": "lint-staged",
"start": "react-scripts start",
"build": "react-scripts build",Next we add a 'lint-staged' field to the package.json, for example:
"dependencies": {
// ...
},
+ "lint-staged": {
+ "src/**/*.{js,jsx,json,css}": [
+ "prettier --single-quote --write",
+ "git add"
+ ]
+ },
"scripts": {Now, whenever you make a commit, Prettier will format the changed files automatically. You can also run ./node_modules/.bin/prettier --single-quote --write "src/**/*.{js,jsx,json,css}" to format your entire project for the first time.
Next you might want to integrate Prettier in your favorite editor. Read the section on Editor Integration on the Prettier GitHub page.
You can find the source HTML file in the public folder of the generated project. You may edit the <title> tag in it to change the title from “React App” to anything else.
Note that normally you wouldn’t edit files in the public folder very often. For example, adding a stylesheet is done without touching the HTML.
If you need to dynamically update the page title based on the content, you can use the browser document.title API. For more complex scenarios when you want to change the title from React components, you can use React Helmet, a third party library.
If you use a custom server for your app in production and want to modify the title before it gets sent to the browser, you can follow advice in this section. Alternatively, you can pre-build each page as a static HTML file which then loads the JavaScript bundle, which is covered here.
The generated project includes React and ReactDOM as dependencies. It also includes a set of scripts used by Create React App as a development dependency. You may install other dependencies (for example, React Router) with npm:
npm install --save react-router
Alternatively you may use yarn:
yarn add react-router
This works for any library, not just react-router.
This project setup supports ES6 modules thanks to Babel.
While you can still use require() and module.exports, we encourage you to use import and export instead.
For example:
import React, { Component } from 'react'; class Button extends Component { render() { // ... } } export default Button; // Don’t forget to use export default!
import React, { Component } from 'react'; import Button from './Button'; // Import a component from another file class DangerButton extends Component { render() { return <Button color="red" />; } } export default DangerButton;
Be aware of the difference between default and named exports. It is a common source of mistakes.
We suggest that you stick to using default imports and exports when a module only exports a single thing (for example, a component). That’s what you get when you use export default Button and import Button from './Button'.
Named exports are useful for utility modules that export several functions. A module may have at most one default export and as many named exports as you like.
Learn more about ES6 modules:
Instead of downloading the entire app before users can use it, code splitting allows you to split your code into small chunks which you can then load on demand.
This project setup supports code splitting via dynamic import(). Its proposal is in stage 3. The import() function-like form takes the module name as an argument and returns a Promise which always resolves to the namespace object of the module.
Here is an example:
const moduleA = 'Hello'; export { moduleA };
import React, { Component } from 'react'; class App extends Component { handleClick = () => { import('./moduleA') .then(({ moduleA }) => { // Use moduleA }) .catch(err => { // Handle failure }); }; render() { return ( <div> <button onClick={this.handleClick}>Load</button> </div> ); } } export default App;
This will make moduleA.js and all its unique dependencies as a separate chunk that only loads after the user clicks the 'Load' button.
You can also use it with async / await syntax if you prefer it.
If you are using React Router check out this tutorial on how to use code splitting with it. You can find the companion GitHub repository here.
Also check out the Code Splitting section in React documentation.
This project setup uses Webpack for handling all assets. Webpack offers a custom way of “extending” the concept of import beyond JavaScript. To express that a JavaScript file depends on a CSS file, you need to import the CSS from the JavaScript file:
.Button { padding: 20px; }
import React, { Component } from 'react'; import './Button.css'; // Tell Webpack that Button.js uses these styles class Button extends Component { render() { // You can use them as regular CSS styles return <div className="Button" />; } }
This is not required for React but many people find this feature convenient. You can read about the benefits of this approach here. However you should be aware that this makes your code less portable to other build tools and environments than Webpack.
In development, expressing dependencies this way allows your styles to be reloaded on the fly as you edit them. In production, all CSS files will be concatenated into a single minified .css file in the build output.
If you are concerned about using Webpack-specific semantics, you can put all your CSS right into src/index.css. It would still be imported from src/index.js, but you could always remove that import if you later migrate to a different build tool.
This project setup minifies your CSS and adds vendor prefixes to it automatically through Autoprefixer so you don’t need to worry about it.
For example, this:
.App { display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center; }
becomes this:
.App { display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -webkit-box-align: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; }
If you need to disable autoprefixing for some reason, follow this section.
Generally, we recommend that you don’t reuse the same CSS classes across different components. For example, instead of using a .Button CSS class in <AcceptButton> and <RejectButton> components, we recommend creating a <Button> component with its own .Button styles, that both <AcceptButton> and <RejectButton> can render (but not inherit).
Following this rule often makes CSS preprocessors less useful, as features like mixins and nesting are replaced by component composition. You can, however, integrate a CSS preprocessor if you find it valuable. In this walkthrough, we will be using Sass, but you can also use Less, or another alternative.
First, let’s install the command-line interface for Sass:
npm install --save node-sass-chokidar
Alternatively you may use yarn:
yarn add node-sass-chokidar
Then in package.json, add the following lines to scripts:
"scripts": {
+ "build-css": "node-sass-chokidar src/ -o src/",
+ "watch-css": "npm run build-css && node-sass-chokidar src/ -o src/ --watch --recursive",
"start": "react-scripts start",
"build": "react-scripts build",
"test": "react-scripts test --env=jsdom",Note: To use a different preprocessor, replace
build-cssandwatch-csscommands according to your preprocessor’s documentation.
Now you can rename src/App.css to src/App.scss and run npm run watch-css. The watcher will find every Sass file in src subdirectories, and create a corresponding CSS file next to it, in our case overwriting src/App.css. Since src/App.js still imports src/App.css, the styles become a part of your application. You can now edit src/App.scss, and src/App.css will be regenerated.
To share variables between Sass files, you can use Sass imports. For example, src/App.scss and other component style files could include @import "./shared.scss"; with variable definitions.
To enable importing files without using relative paths, you can add the --include-path option to the command in package.json.
"build-css": "node-sass-chokidar --include-path ./src --include-path ./node_modules src/ -o src/",
"watch-css": "npm run build-css && node-sass-chokidar --include-path ./src --include-path ./node_modules src/ -o src/ --watch --recursive",
This will allow you to do imports like
@import 'styles/_colors.scss'; // assuming a styles directory under src/ @import 'nprogress/nprogress'; // importing a css file from the nprogress node module
At this point you might want to remove all CSS files from the source control, and add src/**/*.css to your .gitignore file. It is generally a good practice to keep the build products outside of the source control.
As a final step, you may find it convenient to run watch-css automatically with npm start, and run build-css as a part of npm run build. You can use the && operator to execute two scripts sequentially. However, there is no cross-platform way to run two scripts in parallel, so we will install a package for this:
npm install --save npm-run-all
Alternatively you may use yarn:
yarn add npm-run-all
Then we can change start and build scripts to include the CSS preprocessor commands:
"scripts": {
"build-css": "node-sass-chokidar src/ -o src/",
"watch-css": "npm run build-css && node-sass-chokidar src/ -o src/ --watch --recursive",
- "start": "react-scripts start",
- "build": "react-scripts build",
+ "start-js": "react-scripts start",
+ "start": "npm-run-all -p watch-css start-js",
+ "build-js": "react-scripts build",
+ "build": "npm-run-all build-css build-js",
"test": "react-scripts test --env=jsdom",
"eject": "react-scripts eject"
}Now running npm start and npm run build also builds Sass files.
Why node-sass-chokidar?
node-sass has been reported as having the following issues:
node-sass --watch has been reported to have performance issues in certain conditions when used in a virtual machine or with docker.
Infinite styles compiling #1939
node-sass has been reported as having issues with detecting new files in a directory #1891
node-sass-chokidar is used here as it addresses these issues.
With Webpack, using static assets like images and fonts works similarly to CSS.
You can import a file right in a JavaScript module. This tells Webpack to include that file in the bundle. Unlike CSS imports, importing a file gives you a string value. This value is the final path you can reference in your code, e.g. as the src attribute of an image or the href of a link to a PDF.
To reduce the number of requests to the server, importing images that are less than 10,000 bytes returns a data URI instead of a path. This applies to the following file extensions: bmp, gif, jpg, jpeg, and png. SVG files are excluded due to #1153.
Here is an example:
import React from 'react'; import logo from './logo.png'; // Tell Webpack this JS file uses this image console.log(logo); // /logo.84287d09.png function Header() { // Import result is the URL of your image return <img src={logo} alt="Logo" />; } export default Header;
This ensures that when the project is built, Webpack will correctly move the images into the build folder, and provide us with correct paths.
This works in CSS too:
.Logo { background-image: url(./logo.png); }
Webpack finds all relative module references in CSS (they start with ./) and replaces them with the final paths from the compiled bundle. If you make a typo or accidentally delete an important file, you will see a compilation error, just like when you import a non-existent JavaScript module. The final filenames in the compiled bundle are generated by Webpack from content hashes. If the file content changes in the future, Webpack will give it a different name in production so you don’t need to worry about long-term caching of assets.
Please be advised that this is also a custom feature of Webpack.
It is not required for React but many people enjoy it (and React Native uses a similar mechanism for images).
An alternative way of handling static assets is described in the next section.
Note: this feature is available with
react-scripts@0.5.0and higher.
The public folder contains the HTML file so you can tweak it, for example, to set the page title.
The <script> tag with the compiled code will be added to it automatically during the build process.
You can also add other assets to the public folder.
Note that we normally encourage you to import assets in JavaScript files instead.
For example, see the sections on adding a stylesheet and adding images and fonts.
This mechanism provides a number of benefits:
However there is an escape hatch that you can use to add an asset outside of the module system.
If you put a file into the public folder, it will not be processed by Webpack. Instead it will be copied into the build folder untouched. To reference assets in the public folder, you need to use a special variable called PUBLIC_URL.
Inside index.html, you can use it like this:
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="%PUBLIC_URL%/favicon.ico">
Only files inside the public folder will be accessible by %PUBLIC_URL% prefix. If you need to use a file from src or node_modules, you’ll have to copy it there to explicitly specify your intention to make this file a part of the build.
When you run npm run build, Create React App will substitute %PUBLIC_URL% with a correct absolute path so your project works even if you use client-side routing or host it at a non-root URL.
In JavaScript code, you can use process.env.PUBLIC_URL for similar purposes:
render() { // Note: this is an escape hatch and should be used sparingly! // Normally we recommend using `import` for getting asset URLs // as described in “Adding Images and Fonts” above this section. return <img src={process.env.PUBLIC_URL + '/img/logo.png'} />; }
Keep in mind the downsides of this approach:
public folder get post-processed or minified.Normally we recommend importing stylesheets, images, and fonts from JavaScript.
The public folder is useful as a workaround for a number of less common cases:
manifest.webmanifest.pace.js outside of the bundled code.<script> tag.Note that if you add a <script> that declares global variables, you also need to read the next section on using them.
When you include a script in the HTML file that defines global variables and try to use one of these variables in the code, the linter will complain because it cannot see the definition of the variable.
You can avoid this by reading the global variable explicitly from the window object, for example:
const $ = window.$;
This makes it obvious you are using a global variable intentionally rather than because of a typo.
Alternatively, you can force the linter to ignore any line by adding // eslint-disable-line after it.
You don’t have to use React Bootstrap together with React but it is a popular library for integrating Bootstrap with React apps. If you need it, you can integrate it with Create React App by following these steps:
Install React Bootstrap and Bootstrap from npm. React Bootstrap does not include Bootstrap CSS so this needs to be installed as well:
npm install --save react-bootstrap bootstrap@3
Alternatively you may use yarn:
yarn add react-bootstrap bootstrap@3
Import Bootstrap CSS and optionally Bootstrap theme CSS in the beginning of your src/index.js file:
import 'bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.css'; import 'bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap-theme.css'; // Put any other imports below so that CSS from your // components takes precedence over default styles.
Import required React Bootstrap components within src/App.js file or your custom component files:
import { Navbar, Jumbotron, Button } from 'react-bootstrap';
Now you are ready to use the imported React Bootstrap components within your component hierarchy defined in the render method. Here is an example App.js redone using React Bootstrap.
Sometimes you might need to tweak the visual styles of Bootstrap (or equivalent package).
We suggest the following approach:
Here is an example of adding a customized Bootstrap that follows these steps.
Flow is a static type checker that helps you write code with fewer bugs. Check out this introduction to using static types in JavaScri
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